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Esophageal Spasm


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References

Citations

  1. Fass R, Dickman R (2006). Noncardiac chest pain. In MM Wolfe et al., eds., Therapy of Digestive Disorders, 2nd ed., pp. 969–984. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Other Works Consulted

  • Goyal RK, et al. (2009). Esophageal motility disorders section of Oropharyngeal and esophageal motility disorders. In NJ Greenberger et al., eds., Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, pp. 159–171. New York: McGraw-Hill.



Last Updated: June 1, 2011
Medical Review:
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine

Peter J. Kahrilas, MD - Gastroenterology


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